REFERENCES FOR ACADEMIC WORK
Dr. Paul Carr (2006)
When citing an author or a concept that has already been documented or attributed to an author, the appropriate form to illustrate this is:
Carr (1999) has documented how systemic racism marginalized racial minorities in educational institutions.
and
Some studies have documented how systemic racism marginalizes racial minorities in educational institutions (Carr, 1999).
If you are quoting an author, then the page number must also be noted, as follows:
Carr (1999:71) has found that “racial minority teachers are not given the same consideration as White teachers when it comes to promotion”.
If the quotation is less than three lines (as seen above), then quotation marks (“”) must be used.
If the quotation is more than three lines, then it should be indented with the page number included at the end (quotation marks are not used in this case), as illustrated below:
The present neo-liberal reform-agenda has not appropriately or effectively considered accountability for social justice. Hoover and Shook (2003) make a distinction between the types of standards that are driving educational policymaking:
Current reform-based accountability policies ignore the diversity of communities and deny the wisdom of allowing a multi-factored approach of assessment to accommodate and pay respect to the differing needs both within school districts and across school districts…. Authentic accountability, properly framed and requiring multiple indicators, serves the democratic ideals of public schools that embrace inclusion as a key focus of their vision, unlike government schools that have exclusion as their primary purpose and effect. … Today, with the re-forming of public schools into government schools through the powerful hegemony of the accountability movement, the threat to teaching, experiencing, and realizing democratic ideals has never been more real, especially as teaching convention is driven almost entirely by invalid proficiency tests and pseudo-accountability mechanisms (p.8).
One last comment about references: be careful to accurately cite the work of others, and also to give credit for others’ thoughts.
Below are some bibliographic guidelines for documenting references. Take note of the punctuation, and the order or items (name, date, title, etc.). Additionally, only the titles should be italicized. Please review academic journals for the standard APA guidelines.
Journal Articles
Carr, P. (1999). Transforming the institution, or institutionalizing the
transformation?Racial diversity and anti-racism in education in Toronto. McGill Journal of Education , 34 (1), 49-77.
Journal Articles On-line
Carr, P. (1999). Transforming the institution, or institutionalizing the transformation? Racial diversity and anti-racism in education in Toronto. McGill Journal of Education . Accessed on March 23, 2006 at www.canadianjournalofeducation/1999/carr/34-1 .
Monographs
Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning. (2003). Safe and sound: an educational leader’s guide to evidence-based social and emotional learning (SEL) programs. Chicago, US Department of Education, Mid-Atlantic Regional Education Laboratory.
Books
Feagin, J. and O’Brien, E. (2003). White Men on Race: Power, Privilege, and the Shaping of Cultural Consciousness. Boston: Beacon Press.
Book Chapters
Osborn, K. (2001). Democracy, democratic citizenship and education. In J.
Portelli & P. Solomon (eds.) The erosion of democracy in education: from critique to Possibilities (pp.29-61). Calgary: Detselig Enterprises Ltd.
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